Lesson 1 of 9
Start with the right mental model
A screen reader is not simply text read aloud. It is a way to explore, understand, and operate a product through information exposed by the interface.
Recognise the screen reader as both an output system and a navigation system.
What it does
A screen reader turns interface information into speech, braille, sound cues, or a combination of these. It also provides commands for moving through controls, text, headings, lists, media, and other structures.
What it is not
Captions, audio description, voice control, and magnification solve different access needs. They may be used alongside a screen reader, but they should not be treated as equivalent features.
Output
Speech, refreshable braille, tones, and optional visual focus indication.
Navigation
Keyboard commands, touch gestures, braille controls, or a directional remote.
Interpretation
Names, roles, states, values, order, and relationships exposed by the product.
Interaction
Activating controls, editing text, changing values, navigating media, and completing tasks.
What to remember
The screen reader does not merely describe the screen. It provides an alternative interface to the product.
Try this with your team
Choose one product your team owns. List what a person must understand and operate without relying on its visual layout.